Sistemụ njikwa ọmụrụ nwa nke Federal Reserve (Nkebi nke Abụọ) - Okwu mmalite nke mmasị na oke nchekwa oke.

N'isiokwu gara aga, anyị tụlere usoro ụzọ ọnụ ahịa ọmụrụ nwa nke Federal Reserve tupu nsogbu ego nke 2008 ("Nkọwa zuru ezu nke Federal Reserve's Interest Rate Control System (Nkebi nke Mbụ)"). N'oge ahụ, n'ihi na okeNchekwana ụlọ akụ na-ejide na Federal Reserve, Fed na-eji ọnụ ahịa windo ego dị ka oke elu na ọrụ ahịa na-emeghe iji chịkwaa oke ala.

Agbanyeghị, na-eso nsogbu ego nke afọ 2008, Federal Reserve mejuputa atumatu mbelata ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ, na-abawanye ụba ego ahịa nke ukwuu ma mee ka usoro ọnụ ahịa ọmụrụ nwa ghara ịdị irè. Iji dozie ọnọdụ a, Federal Reserve webatara mmasị na ExNdị aNchekwa (IOER) na 2008 dị ka oke ala ọhụrụ maka ọnụego ọmụrụ nwa. Edemede a ga-enyocha mgbanwe iwu a n'ụzọ zuru ezu na mmetụta ya na usoro njikwa ọnụego ọmụrụ nwa.

Mmalite nke Mmasị na oke nchekwa ngafe (IOER)

IOER na-ezo aka na ọmụrụ nwa nke Federal Reserve kwụrụ na akụkụ nke nchekwa ụlọ akụ nwere karịa ihe nchekwa achọrọ. Tupu 2008, Federal Reserve akwụghị ụgwọ ọmụrụ nwa na nkwụnye ego ụlọ akụ, na-ebute oke ala na-adịghị arụ ọrụ maka ọnụ ahịa ọmụrụ nwa US, na-adabere kama na arụmọrụ ahịa mepere emepe iji chịkwaa ọmụrụ nwa ahịa. Otú ọ dị, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo a na-enwetụbeghị ụdị ya bụ nke nsogbu akụ na ụba kpatara mebiri emebi nke ọma ọrụ ahịa mepere emepe, na-eme ka ọmụrụ nwa ahịa daa.

Iji gbochie nke a, Federal Reserve webatara IOER na Ọktoba 2008, na-achọ igbochi mbelata nke ọmụrụ nwa ahịa site n'ịkwụ ụgwọ ọmụrụ nwa na ụlọ akụ. Mgbe ọnụego ọmụrụ nwa ụlọ akụ nwere ike nweta n'ahịa ahụ dara n'okpuru IOER, ha na-enwekarị mmasị itinye ego ha gabigara ókè na Federal Reserve, si otú a na-edobe ọnụ ahịa ọmụrụ nwa karịa ọkwa IOER.

Mgbanwe nke IOER: Site na Ngwá Ọrụ Oke Oke ruo Ngwá Ọrụ Oke Oke

Ọ bụ ezie na nke a na mbụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkwụsị usoro nke ọmụrụ nwa, ọ bịara pụta ìhè na ụlọ ọrụ ego na-abụghị nke ụlọ akụ, bụ ndị nwere nnukwu ego na-enweghị ike iji IOER ozugbo, nọgidere na-ebuli ọnụ ahịa ọmụrụ nwa ala, mechaa mebie ala IOER.

N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, Federal Reserve chọpụtara na na gburugburu ebe obibi nke oke mmiri ozuzo, IOER malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka oke oke maka ọmụrụ nwa. Mgbe ego juru n'ahịa ahụ, na nkwụnye ego nke ụlọ akụ na Federal Reserve mụbara, ọmụrụ nwa ahịa bilitere. Ụlọ akụ ga-ewepụ ihe nchekwa na Federal Reserve ma gbazinye ha na ọnụ ahịa ahịa dị elu, na-eme ka ọmụrụ nwa ahịa daa azụ n'okpuru IOER.

Ihe omume a gosiputara na n'ọnọdụ oke oke mmiri, ọrụ IOER dị ka ngwa ọrụ oke ala na-akụda mmụọ, mana n'amaghị ama were were ọrụ nke oke oke maka ọnụego ọmụrụ nwa. N'ọnwa Disemba 2008, Federal Reserve meziri ọnụego ego gọọmentị etiti ruru 0-0.25% wee tọọ IOER na oke elu nke oke a, na-akwadokwa ọrụ ọhụrụ nke IOER dị ka oke elu n'ime ọnụ ahịa ọmụrụ nwa.

Echiche nke njikwa ọmụrụ nwa n'etiti glut nke mmiri mmiri

Dị ka ego nkwụnye ego nke ụlọ akụ na Federal Reserve gbagoro site na ihe dị ka ijeri $10 tupu 2008 ruo $ 800 site na mmalite 2009, na ọbụna ruru $ 3 trillion n'afọ ndị sochirinụ, echiche nke njikwa ọnụego ọmụrụ nwa gbanwere.

N'okpuru ọkwa nchekwa nkịtị, IOER nwere ike rụọ ọrụ nke ọma dị ka oke ala maka ọmụrụ nwa. Agbanyeghị, n'ọnọdụ nke oke oke ego ahịa, mmetụta IOER na-ebelata mbelata ọmụrụ nwa nwere oke.

Mgbe ọmụrụ nwa ahịa gafere IOER, ụlọ akụ ga-ewepụ ihe nchekwa na Federal Reserve wee gbazinye ha n'ọnụ ahịa ahịa dị elu, na-abawanye ego ahịa na-eme ka ọmụrụ nwa daa. Usoro a jiri nke nta nke nta gbanwee IOER ka ọ bụrụ ngwá ọrụ dị elu maka ọnụego ọmụrụ nwa, ebe ọnụ ahịa mpio mbelata ego ọdịnala tụfuru ọrụ ya na njikwa ọnụego ọmụrụ nwa.

Mmetụta ahịa nke IOER: Analogy with the Pork Market

Iji kọwaa ngbanwe a nke ọma, tụlee ihe atụ na "ahịa anụ ezi": ka e were ya na ụlọ ọrụ anụ ezi na-edozi oke ọnụ ahịa anụ ezi na yuan 20 ma na-achịkwa ọnụ ahịa site na ịnye ahịa. Mgbe ọkọnọ ahịa dị oke, ọnụ ahịa anụ ezi na-ada, mana ụlọ ọrụ na-azụrụ anụ ezi n'aka ụfọdụ ndị na-ere ahịa na yuan 10. Otú ọ dị, ọkọnọ ahịa na-anọgide na-arị elu, na-eme ka ọnụ ahịa na-aga n'ihu na-ada, na-emecha mebie ala 10-yuan.

Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọnụ ahịa anụ ezi na-alaghachi, ma n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe ahịa ahịa, ọnụ ahịa anaghị agafe yuan 10. Ihe kpatara ya bụ na mgbe ọnụ ahịa gafere yuan 10, ndị na-ere anụ ezi na-ewepụ anụ ezi echekwara na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma ree ya na ọnụ ahịa dị elu, na-eme ka ọnụ ahịa kwụsie ike. Nke a dị ka ọrụ IOER n'ahịa ego: mgbe ọmụrụ nwa ahịa na-arị elu karịa IOER, ụlọ akụ na-ewepụ ihe nchekwa na Federal Reserve ma gbazinye ha n'ọnụọgụ dị elu, n'ikpeazụ na-eme ka ọmụrụ nwa laghachi azụ n'ọkwa IOER.

Mmechi

Iwebata Mmasị na oke nchekwa oke, nke e bu n'obi buru ụzọ dị ka obere ngwa n'ime ọnụ ahịa ọmụrụ nwa, jiri nwayọ were ọrụ nke oke oke n'etiti oke oke ahịa ahịa. Ngbanwe a abụghị naanị na-egosipụta mmetụta dị ukwuu nke nsogbu ego na amụma ego mana ọ na-akakwa akara ngbanwe na mgbanwe nke Federal Reserve na njikwa ọnụego ọmụrụ nwa na nkịtị ọhụrụ.